Saturday, February 16, 2008

Africanmanager - Bonne mention pour l’économie tunisienne, selon le FMI.

[Source:Africanmanager.com]


H.T


La délégation du Fonds Monétaire internationale, vient de publier son rapport suite à sa visite en Tunisie au mois de janvier précédant. Un rapport qui est venu maintenir les résultats positifs que l’économie tunisienne a réalisé durant l’année 2007.
Mettant en exergue la difficulté et la défavorabilité de l’environnement extérieur, le rapport a conclu que l’économie tunisienne continue de faire preuve de résilience, avec un taux de croissance appréciable pour l’exercice 2007. La croissance économique ayant pris un rythme accéléré, trouve ses sources dans les bonnes performances des secteurs agricoles, énergétique, manufacturier et des services, souligne le rapport, ce qui a permis au taux de croissance de passer de 5.5% en 2005 à 6.3% en 2007, le niveau le plus élevé durant les dix dernières années. Le rapport a aussi souligné la forte croissance de l'industrie électrique et mécanique (IME) qui a porté sa part dans le total des exportations de biens à 27 % en 2007, permettant une meilleure diversification de l'industrie manufacturière tunisienne. Cette performance de l'économie tunisienne s'est traduite par une diminution du chômage de 14,3 % en 2006 à 14,1 % en 2007.


Là où nous avons excellé le plus !!


Sur le plan de la politique monétaire que le rapport qualifie d’ « efficace », la prestation s’est notamment caractérisée par l’équilibre de l’inflation, passée de 4.5% en 2006 à 3.1% en 2007. Le rapport souligne tout de même que des pressions inflationnistes sont réapparues, en glissement annuel, l'inflation a été réduite de 5,3 % en mai 2006 [après l'envolée des cours du pétrole et de certains produits de base] à 2 % en avril 2007. La BCT, conclut le rapport à cet effet, a réagi en portant son coefficient de réserves obligatoires de 3,5 % à 5 % à fin novembre 2007. Les appréciations de l’économie tunisienne, ont permis, affirme le rapport, de consolider sa position extérieure, malgré la légère hausse du déficit du compte courant, même si ce dernier demeure soutenable.

La délégation du FMI souligne que les exportations et importations ont pris leur essor en 2007. Les importations sont presque majoritairement des biens intermédiaires et d'équipement, soutenant ainsi l'accélération de la croissance. Mais cela n’a pas empêché le déficit du compte courant de s’élargir, pour passer de 2 % du PIB en 2006 à 2,5 % en 2007, suite à la détérioration des termes de l'échange, causée par la hausse des cours des matières premières. Ce solde a été compensé par un afflux important d'IDE.

Toujours selon ce dernier rapport du FMI, les réserves extérieures de la Tunisie ont augmenté de 1 milliard de dollars en 2007 pour atteindre 7,8 milliards, représentant 4,6 mois d'importation de biens et services, même si la Tunisie a consolidé sa position extérieure grâce à des remboursements anticipés financés par les ressources de privatisation, réduisant ainsi sa dette extérieure totale, y compris la dette a court terme, de 58,3 % du PIB en 2006 à 55,6 % en 2007, Le déficit budgétaire devrait ainsi rester, selon l'équipe du FMI, globalement identique à celui de 2006, malgré la hausse des cours mondiaux des matières premières. La politique budgétaire prudente a permis de contenir le déficit à 3 % du PIB, en dessous de l'objectif de 3,1 % fixé dans la loi de finances 2007.


Les perspectives pour 2008.

Pour les perspectives de l’économie tunisienne en 2008, le rapport de la délégation du FMI, affirme que la croissance devrait rester robuste à 5.7%. Le ralentissement probable de 6.3% à 5.7% de la croissance tunisienne, sera selon le rapport, dû à la croissance exceptionnelle du secteur énergétique, à l’expiration des quotas de l’Union Européenne pour les exportations chinoises de certains produits textiles ainsi qu’à une politique monétaire restrictive. Par contre, le rapport estime que l’élan économique et les grands projets d’investissement devraient limiter ce ralentissement. Quant aux pressions inflationnistes, notamment l’inflation importée, le rapport estime qu’elles vont persister. La politique prudente de la BCT et son intention d’agir davantage, si les pressions inflationnistes persistent, devraient contenir l'inflation à 4 % en moyenne. Cette prévision tient également compte de l'augmentation probable des prix des produits administrés si les prix mondiaux restent élevés.

La délégation du FMI prévoit qu’en 2008, le compte courant de la balance des paiements pourrait accuser une légère détérioration si les prix du pétrole et des produits de base devaient rester au voisinage de leur niveau record enregistré récemment. Le rapport prévoit un ralentissement du rythme des exportations dû notamment au fléchissement de la croissance de l'économie mondiale. Les importations connaîtront probablement une croissance relativement forte, en raison de la persistance des cours élevés du pétrole et des matières premières et du besoin important en biens d'équipement et en matières premières. Par conséquent, une légère détérioration du compte courant à 2,7 % du PIB en 2008 est prévue par le FMI. Néanmoins, la diminution tendancielle de la dette extérieure se poursuivra avec un taux d'endettement extérieur passant à 52,9 % du PIB en 2008.

La Politique économique en Tunisie

Le rapport du FMI se pose des questions d’ordre général sur les politiques économiques suivies par la Tunisie. La première question évoquée a été celle de la surliquidité persistante et des pressions inflationnistes croissantes. La mission du FMI appuie, souligne le rapport, la politique monétaire restrictive de la BCT et explique son soutien par le fait que, face à la situation de surliquidité et aux pressions inflationnistes qui ont resurgi durant le second trimestre de 2007, la BCT a effectué des opérations de ponction de liquidité avant de relever le coefficient de réserves obligatoires. "Étant donné les délais d'ajustement de l'économie aux changements de politique monétaire, il est important de persévérer dans le perfectionnement des outils de prévision afin de pouvoir mieux anticiper les pressions inflationnistes et agir à temps" affirme le rapport.

Plus de flexibilité dans le taux de change, conseille le FMI.

Pour ce qui est de la politique de taux de change, le rapport affirme que la politique de taux de change restera ancrée sur l'objectif de moyen terme d'un taux de change flottant. "Il est souhaitable d'affiner la coordination entre la politique monétaire et la politique de change. Dans ce contexte, une flexibilité accrue du taux de change est nécessaire pour mieux maîtriser les risques inflationnistes" conseille le FMI.
La mission du FMI soutient en tous les cas la politique budgétaire prudente de la Tunisie qui a pu maintenir un déficit de 3 % en dépit d'un environnent international défavorable. Elle conseille cependant, pour faire face aux tensions inflationnistes, que la politique budgétaire vise un déficit en deçà de 3 %. Cela aidera à soutenir la politique monétaire restrictive et assurer une meilleure flexibilité à la politique budgétaire, trouve le rapport.

S'assurer des IDE des grands projets.

La mission appuie aussi la stratégie d'économie d'énergie activement poursuivie par les autorités tunisienne. Elle recommande cependant, d'examiner aussi des options alternatives, moins coûteuses que les subventions à la Caisse Générale de Compensation, pour soutenir le pouvoir d'achat des familles à faible revenu. Evoquant ensuite les grands projets d'investissement qui se multiplient en Tunisie, l'équipe du FMI conseille que "les autorités s'assurent que ceux-ci n'entrainent pas de nouveaux éléments de passif éventuel (contingent liabilities) qui viendraient s'ajouter à l'encours de garanties totalisant 8,9 % du PIB en 2007.
La mission évoque dans son rapport d’autres politiques tunisiennes. En premier lieu, la réforme du secteur bancaire qui suit son cours, la libéralisation des opérations courantes et du compte capital qui a progressé en 2007 où les plafonds d'allocations de devises pour les opérations courantes ont été relevés et l'autorisation de change pour les investisseurs non-résidents en Tunisie, hormis dans le secteur du commerce de distribution, a été supprimé. Il y a aussi les contraintes sur les flux d'investissement et participations entre personnes ou sociétés non-résidentes et résidentes qui seront allégées. Pour la politique de la libéralisation des échanges commerciaux, qui a tant favorisé l'ouverture de l'économie tunisienne, elle va de l'avant, indique aussi le rapport. Les exportations et les importations de biens, quant à eux, ont augmenté, passant de 74 % du PIB en 1995 à 98 % en 2007, permettant ainsi une amélioration sensible du taux de couverture des importations qui est passé de 70 % à 90 %. Outre les IDE qui, en pourcentage du PIB, ont presque doublé durant la même période.

La mission a aussi salué l’engagement de la Tunisie dans le rôle actif qu’elle ne cesse de jouer dans le processus de l'intégration du Maghreb. Les mesures du plan d'action élaboré pendant cette conférence visent notamment à améliorer le climat des affaires et à favoriser les collaborations entre les investisseurs privés des pays de la région. Concernant les échanges commerciaux intra-maghrébins la Tunisie, conclut le rapport, vient d'adopter en 2008 la reconnaissance mutuelle des certificats de conformité aux normes techniques avec la Libye.


Les recettes des société pétrolières, compenseront le CGC !


Parlant des points forts de l’économie tunisienne, le rapport de la délégation du Fonds Monétaire International, n’a pas manqué de mentionner les quelques lacunes que connait l'économie tunisienne. Il mentionne en premier lieu que la hausse record des prix du pétrole et des produits de bas ont et auront un effet sur l’économie, et ce par le rôle qu’elles jouent et qui a amené les autorités à adopter une loi de finances rectificative en décembre, qui prévoit une augmentation des subventions à la Caisse Générale de Compensation (CGC) de 0,6 % du PIB, portant le total à 1,3 %. La hausse des prix à la pompe en mai et octobre 2007 a permis de maintenir les subventions pétrolières à 1 % du PIB. L'augmentation de recettes provenant des sociétés pétrolières, de recettes non fiscales et de droits de douanes, dus à la forte croissance des importations, devraient plus que compenser les dépenses additionnelles. Les remboursements par anticipation devraient faire passer la dette publique de 53,9 % du PIB en 2006 à 51,5 % en 2007 !


Friday, February 15, 2008

The Big Picture | How SubPrime Really Works

A funny representation of the messy sub-prime or How SubPrime Really Works

[Source:bigpicture.typepad.com]

US secretly met Iran banking officials - Yahoo! News


By MATTHEW LEE and ANNE GEARAN, Associated Press Writers
1 hour, 29 minutes ago

A U.S. official met secretly with Iranian banking officials and senior government aides who oppose punishing the Islamic nation for not doing enough to stop money laundering and terrorism funding, The Associated Press has learned.

The talks last month in Paris took place despite the Bush administration's near-absolute ban on formal U.S.-Iran contact. They also occurred against the backdrop of Tehran's attempts to avert the imposition of new U.N. sanctions over its suspect nuclear program.

The United States co-chaired the meeting with Italy and was represented by Daniel Glaser, the Treasury Department's deputy assistant secretary for terrorist financing and financial crimes, a senior U.S. official said. Representatives of several other nations also attended.

The meeting was part of the Bush administration's attempts to ramp up international pressure on Iran to halt atomic activities that could lead to the development of nuclear weapons. The administration also wants Iran to stop its support for groups the U.S. has designated as terrorist organizations, the official said.

Iran was represented by senior officials from its central bank, known as Bank Markazi, and its government, according to a Middle Eastern diplomat familiar with the session. Officials spoke on condition of anonymity to describe confidential close-door discussions.

[Source:Yahoo! News]


The Treasury and State departments had no comment on the talks. They took place around the time the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Zalmay Khalizad, was scolded for violating administration policy by appearing onstage in his official capacity with the Iranian foreign minister at a World Economic Forum conference in Switzerland.

The United States and Iran have had no diplomatic relations since the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the taking of hostages at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Formal contact between the two countries is extremely limited, although meetings have occurred, most recently between the U.S. and Iranian envoys to Iraq on security matters.

Several U.S. officials noted that the United States often participates in multilateral meetings with Iran, notably involving U.N. agencies of which Iran is also a member. Glaser is expected to attend a larger session of the Financial Action Task Force, or FATF, later this month.

The circumstances of the most recent, smaller meeting were unusual, however. The session was apparently called at Iran's request, and it amounted to a hearing for Iran's answer to international claims that it is complicit in money laundering and bankrolling terror.

The talks that Glaser co-chaired were held at the Paris headquarters of the FATF, a 34-nation body that deals with threats posed to the international financial system by money laundering and support for terrorism.

The task force issued a warning about Iran in October and is expected to consider further steps at the meeting later this month. Such measures could include a toughening of the October warning or placing Iran on an international financial blacklist of noncooperative countries that could cripple its ability to do business abroad.

There are currently no countries on the FATF noncooperative list, which has been used as a tool to press several nations, mostly small island states, to reform their banking sectors.

Iran is not a member of the FATF. Most of the world's major economic powers belong to the organization, including China and Russia, which have traditionally opposed sanctions. Diplomats say Tehran has grown increasingly concerned about the effects of a U.S.-led push to isolate its economy.

That concern was behind its decision to send a delegation to Paris to block or blunt any new action the task force might take at its Feb. 24-29 board meeting, diplomats said.

The FATF's Oct. 11 warning on Iran said the country's lack of comprehensive regulations regarding money laundering and terrorism support was a "significant vulnerability" in the world financial system. Because of that risk, it advised banks in its member states to use "enhanced due diligence" in transactions with Iranian institutions.

Shortly after that, the Bush administration noted the FATF move when it announced it was expanding its own sanctions on Iran, which now include bans on dealings with state-owned Banks Sepah, Melli, Mellat and Saderat, and parts of the Revolutionary Guard Corps and Defense Ministry.

Since then, Washington has boasted that the U.S. and existing U.N. sanctions, along with the task force warning, have taken a significant toll on Iran's economy, particularly on its unemployment and inflation rates, and raised pressure on the government.

"Both unemployment and inflation rates in Iran are on the rise, with independent experts estimating the unemployment rate to be roughly twice the 11 percent claimed by the regime," Deputy Treasury Secretary Robert Kimmitt said last week.

In the Feb. 8 address, he also praised the FATF for "confirming the extraordinary systemic risks that Iran poses to the global financial system."

___

Associated Press Economics Writer Jeannine Aversa contributed to this report.





This is a follow-up dated 2/16/08 : Iran shrugs off secret US meeting - Yahoo! News

FT.com / Video & Audio / Interactive graphics - Monoline meltdown?

A useful explanation of the monoline business.

[Source:FT.com]

FT.com - Bangladesh bank offers loans to US poor


Bangladesh’s Grameen Bank has made its first loans in New York in an attempt to bring its pioneering microfinance techniques to the tens of millions of people in the world’s richest country who have no bank account.

The bank’s entry into the US, its first in a developed market, comes as mainstream banks’ credibility has been hit by the mortgage meltdown and many people are turning to fringe financial institutions offering loans at exorbitant interest rates.

Grameen has lent $50,000 in the past month to groups of immigrant women in Jackson Heights in New York’s borough of Queens. During the next five years, it plans to offer $176m in loans within New York city, and then expand to the rest of the US.

[Read More:FT.com]

Grande braderie sur la Tunisie et le Maroc

Uncroyable! Une semaine a Hammamet a 299 €, tout compris.

Le Club Marmara Hammamet Beach est à -40% : 299 € TTC au lieu de 429 € au départ de Lyon le 22 mars.

Prix séjour jusqu'au 30 mars 08

Vacances d’Hiver : séjour d’une semaine maximum.

PRIX SÉJOUR
7 nuits en chambre double comprenant : les vols spéciaux A/R, la demi-pension (1/4 de bouteille de vin de 70 cl ou 1/2 bouteille d’eau inclus), transferts, taxes aéroport et frais de dossier (60 €), hausse carburant (20 €).
Non inclus : assurance assistance/rapatriement option 1 (7 €) ou sécurité totale option 2 (25 €), prestations non mentionnées et dépenses personnelles.


[Source:vancancespratiques.net]

Thursday, February 14, 2008

FMI Tunisie : ‘’L'économie tunisienne continue de faire preuve de résilience…’’

2008-02-13
Lundi, Le FMI a publié son rapport fait à la suite d'une visite effectuée au mois de janvier par une une mission du Fonds Monétaire International (FMI).
Dans ce rapport publié lundi sur le site du Fonds Monétaire International, la mission a conclu que :

‘’L'économie tunisienne continue de faire preuve de résilience, affichant un taux de croissance appréciable en 2007, malgré un environnement extérieur défavorable. Il n'en demeure pas moins que les défis pour maintenir ce taux de croissance et réduire davantage le chômage tout en maîtrisant les équilibres macroéconomiques restent importants.''

Cette mission intérimaire s'est concentrée sur les questions d'ordre macroéconomique à court terme dans un contexte marqué par la flambée des prix mondiaux du pétrole et des produits de base, ainsi qu'un ralentissement probable de la croissance de l'économie mondiale à la suite des retombées de la crise dans le secteur immobilier américain.
...

Selon le FMI, la politique monétaire efficace a permis de ramener l'inflation moyenne de 4,5 % en 2006 à 3,1 % en 2007, mais des pressions inflationnistes sont réapparues.


Selon ce même rapport, le déficit budgétaire devrait rester globalement identique à celui de 2006, malgré la hausse des cours mondiaux des matières premières.
‘’ La politique budgétaire prudente a permis de contenir le déficit à 3 % du PIB, en dessous de l'objectif de 3,1 % fixé dans la loi de finances 2007. La hausse record des prix du pétrole et des produits de base a amené les autorités à adopter une loi de finances rectificative en décembre, laquelle prévoit une augmentation des subventions à la Caisse Générale de Compensation (CGC) de 0,6 % du PIB, portant le total à 1,3 %. La hausse des prix à la pompe en mai et octobre 2007 a permis de maintenir les subventions pétrolières à 1 % du PIB. L'augmentation de recettes provenant des sociétés pétrolières, de recettes non fiscales et de droits de douanes — dus à la forte croissance des importations — devrait plus que compenser les dépenses additionnelles. Les remboursements par anticipation devraient faire passer la dette publique de 53,9 % du PIB en 2006 à 51,5 % en 2007.’’


[Source:Babnet.com]

Daily Times -The IMF as global financial anchor


By Age Bakker and Perry Warjiyo

Today’s financial market turmoil has exposed weaknesses in the current global financial system, of which many were known but went unaddressed. This lack of action reflects the increased complexity and linkages of the global financial system, and the absence of an effective anchor for financial stability. Restoring financial market confidence has had to rely on liquidity injections by major central banks. While this appears to have been successful, questions remain as to whether the turmoil could have been averted and its impact mitigated.

The IMF can play an important role in this regard, owing to its truly global perspective – one that encompasses both advanced economies and emerging and developing economies, which are increasingly integrating into the global financial system. Moreover, the IMF does not focus on financial markets per se, but has unique expertise on the linkages between the real and financial economy. Finally, the IMF’s perspective is universal, looking across sectors and markets.

So far, the Fund has not fully exploited its unique position, because it has often been passive in reaching out, giving clear messages, and making recommendations to its members. But the current financial market turmoil has shown that there are regulatory and supervisory gaps and poorly understood international linkages that call for a global response.

We believe that the IMF needs to move decisively on financial stability issues and be more proactive to help prevent and mitigate future crises. The IMF should work closely with the Financial Stability Forum, the Bank for International Settlements and other relevant international bodies. To strengthen the Fund’s financial stability role, we propose action in three related areas.

First, the IMF should promote financial stability through multilateral surveillance. It should be positioned at the center of international financial markets and provide an analytical platform, not only for central banks and finance ministries, but also for regulators, standard setters, and market participants.

In particular, the Fund should enhance its understanding of the links between supervisory frameworks and macroeconomic conditions, including balance-of-payments and exchange-rate developments, by leveraging the wealth of cross-country information and expertise that it acquires through missions to its 185 members. This would enable it to identify macroeconomic threats to stability and encourage best practices for supervisors and regulators. Building on its research, the IMF could contribute more to the debate on the macroeconomic and financial implications of private equity, hedge funds, and sovereign wealth funds, and develop practical recommendations to enhance their contribution to international financial stability.

Second, the IMF should promote financial stability through bilateral surveillance. It needs to rethink how to address financial stability in its day-to-day work with members. Financial sector analysis should become fully integrated into the IMF’s surveillance activities.

The IMF should also be more proactive and speak with greater candor in systemically important countries, where shortcomings in financial supervision and crisis management have appeared. It should assist emerging economies in shaping sound domestic financial markets. These steps would require the IMF mission teams to become more diverse, bringing financial sector expertise in addition to the traditional macro and fiscal skills. The Fund needs to hire more financial sector experts, relying less on academic professionals.

Third, the Fund should assist members who have well-defined programs for liberalizing and integrating their economy into the global financial system. It should consider developing appropriate liquidity instruments to give confidence to emerging market economies that may be affected by a crisis beyond their control, rather than forcing them to build up ever-larger reserves or resort to regional arrangements for self-insurance.

Action in these three areas would help to create a multilateral institution with the authority and expertise to advise countries on supervisory and regulatory issues of systemic importance. The current turmoil highlights the international financial system’s need for such an institution. The members that we represent – advanced and emerging countries in Asia and Europe – want to play a role in re-establishing a strengthened IMF at the heart of the international monetary system.


Age Bakker and Perry Warjiyo are Executive Directors of the IMF from the Netherlands and Indonesia, respectively, and represent 25 countries in Asia and Europe.





[Source:Daily Times]

Wednesday, February 13, 2008

International Herald Tribune - Sarkozy wants IMF to study windfall tax on corporate profit


Bloomberg News
Wednesday, February 13, 2008
PARIS: President Nicolas Sarkozy of France has asked the International Monetary Fund to study whether a windfall tax could be levied on corporate profits worldwide, his finance minister, Christine Lagarde, said Wednesday.

Asked whether companies like the oil major Total, which reported Wednesday a 64 percent jump in fourth-quarter profit, should face such a tax, Lagarde said in an LCI television interview that any levy would have to be imposed globally.

"If we're going to go down that road, we have to make sure it's on a worldwide basis," Lagarde said on the cable television channel. Sarkozy has asked the IMF "to think about how we could best benefit from this kind of windfall tax."

Sarkozy last year rejected the idea of a windfall tax as "absurd" when it was suggested in the presidential election campaign by rival Ségolène Royal, the Socialist candidate. `

"Capital is mobile," Sarkozy said in February 2007. Companies like Total would record their profit "elsewhere," he said.

Paris-based Total, one of the largest European oil companies, said profit rose after new projects in Qatar, Angola and Azerbaijan lifted production and crude approached $100 a barrel. "It would be wrong to just single out Total," Lagarde said.

The finance minister said she also wants ArcelorMittal, the world's largest steel maker, to give the government details of its investment strategy for France and "what part French workers will play."

Sarkozy said last week he wanted ArcelorMittal's chief executive, Lakshmi Mittal, to review a plan to cut 600 jobs at a plant in eastern France.



[Source:International Herald Tribune]

Tunisie- Italie: 15 milliards d’euros pour un méga projet en Tunisie


Selon businessnews.com.tn, Le méga projet italien en Tunisie, d’un coût de 15 milliards d’euros (27 milliards de dinars) démarre cette année. Lancé par le groupe italien Preatoni, ce projet porte sur la mise en place de résidences, d'hôtels, de stations balnéaires, de centres de loisirs et d'une marina, ainsi que l'aménagement d'une réserve pour certaines espèces animales. L’ensemble du projet, qui sera inscrit dans le haut de gamme, respectera et valorisera les spécificités de la région où il sera érigé.

Selon des informations non confirmées, le projet sera érigé du côté de Bizerte. De source officielle, on ne précise pas exactement l’emplacement et on dont seulement qu’il sera au Nord de la Tunisie.
Dans une interview accordée à nos confrères de l’Observateur, M. Ernesto Preatoni, président du groupe italien, a déclaré que le projet va démarrer cette année et que l’ensemble des travaux vont durer 12 ans. « Il va totalement changer l’image touristique de la Tunisie », a déclaré M. Preatoni.
A rappeler que le Président Zine El Abidine Ben Ali a reçu le 3 novembre dernier M. Ernesto Preatoni, et a pris connaissance de l’ensemble de ce méga projet de tourisme écologique qui devrait créer près de 30.000 postes d'emploi.


[Source:www.dev-export.com]

Monday, February 11, 2008

Projet Bled Al Ward : un grand défi technologique et écologique


«Cela fait plus de deux ans que nous travaillons sur le projet». Cette affirmation de M. Youssef Al Nowis, administrateur-délégué de la société «Al Maabar International Investments Company», qui se propose d’édifier une nouvelle ville moderne, sur la Sebkha de l’Ariana, peut surprendre, concernant un projet qui vient à peine d’être annoncé"...

:webmanagercenter]


[Source:webmanagercenter]

IMF-TUNISIA—PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS OF THE STAFF VISIT


Tunisia—Preliminary Conclusions of the Staff Visit
January 16, 2008
A. Introduction

1. The IMF mission that visited Tunis since January 8 thanks the authorities for their excellent cooperation, their warm hospitality, and the high quality of the discussions.

2. The Tunisian economy is continuing to exhibit resilience, posting an appreciable growth rate in 2007, despite an unfavorable external environment. However, significant challenges remain to sustain this growth rate and further reduce unemployment while maintaining macroeconomic stability. The staff visit focused on short-term macroeconomic issues in the context of rising world prices for oil and basic commodities, as well as the likely slowdown in global economic growth resulting from the crisis in the US real estate sector.

B. Recent Economic Developments

3. Growth gathered momentum in 2007. The growth rate is estimated to have risen from 5.5 percent in 2006 to 6.3 percent in 2007, the highest level in the last ten years, due to the favorable performance of the agricultural, energy, manufacturing, and services sectors. The mechanical and electrical sector remained the driving force behind manufacturing growth, and the textiles and clothing sector experienced a substantial upturn. The surge in oil prices triggered a supply side response, as some oil wells with high operating costs became profitable. On the demand side, growth was driven both by vigorous exports and the favorable performance of domestic demand. Strong growth in the electrical and mechanical industry raised the sector's share in total goods exports to 27 percent in 2007, allowing greater diversification of the Tunisian manufacturing industry. Hence, the unemployment rate fell from 14.3 percent in 2006 to 14.1 percent in 2007.

4. Owing to effective monetary policy, average inflation declined from 4.5 percent in 2006 to 3.1 percent in 2007, although inflationary pressures have reemerged. On a year-on-year basis, inflation fell from 5.3 percent in May 2006—after the surge in the prices of oil and basic commodities—to 2 percent in April 2007. More recently, following a new episode of oil and commodity price increases, year-on-year inflation once again climbed to 5.3 percent in December 2007. Sizable flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) and the depreciation of the dinar relative to the euro may also have contributed to inflation. Assessing that contribution would inform the conduct of monetary and exchange rate policy. The Central Bank of Tunisia (BCT) responded to resurgent inflationary pressures by raising its required reserves ratio from 3.5 percent to 5 percent at end-November 2007.

5. In 2007, the Tunisian dinar recorded an average depreciation of 4.5 percent with respect to the euro and an appreciation of 4 percent with respect to the US dollar, mirroring the appreciation of the euro on foreign exchange markets. In real effective terms, the dinar recorded a slight depreciation of about 3 percent, on the basis of the index calculated by the IMF. This primarily reflects a deterioration in the terms of trade, the persistent yet sustainable current account deficit, and tariff reductions resulting from trade liberalization.

6. Tunisia's external position continued to strengthen despite a slight rise in the current account deficit. Exports and imports recorded strong growth in 2007. Imports were heavily weighted towards intermediate and capital goods, supporting the rapid pace of growth. Energy exports grew by more than 50 percent as a result of the upsurge in oil prices and its positive impact on local oil production, temporarily reversing the deficit in the energy trade balance. However, the current account deficit, while sustainable, widened slightly from 2 percent of GDP in 2006 to 2.5 percent in 2007, due to declining terms of trade. This deficit was offset by substantial inflows of FDI. International reserves increased by US$1 billion in 2007 to reach US$7.8 billion, representing 4.6 months of imports of goods and services. Tunisia strengthened its external position through early repayments financed by privatization proceeds, and thereby reduced its total external debt—including short-term debt—from 58.3 percent of GDP in 2006 to 55.6 percent of GDP in 2007.

7. The budget deficit is expected to have remained broadly the same as in 2006, notwithstanding the increase in world commodity prices. A cautious fiscal policy curbed the deficit to 3 percent of GDP, below the 3.1 percent target set in the 2007 budget law. Record prices of oil and commodities prompted the authorities to adopt a supplemental budget in December, which provided for raising subsidies for the Caisse Générale de Compensation (CGC) by 0.6 percent of GDP, bringing the total to 1.3 percent. The increase in prices at the pump in May and October 2007 kept oil subsidies as budgeted at 1 percent of GDP. Higher revenues from oil companies, nontax receipts, and customs duties—on account of the substantial increase in imports—should offset the additional expenditures. Early repayments are expected to have reduced public debt from 53.9 percent of GDP in 2006 to 51.5 percent of GDP in 2007.

8. The strong growth recorded in 2007 helped enhance the profitability of the banking sector. The available indicators, although incomplete, point to an improvement in bank profitability in 2007. Some institutions—such as Amen Bank and BIAT—used this opportunity to recapitalize. The improvement in bank profitability should allow banks to continue strengthening their balance sheets and improving their prudential indicators. Following significant gains in 2006, the TUNINDEX stock market index increased by 12.1 percent in 2007, generating an overall market return of 3 percent.

C. Economic Outlook for 2008

9. Growth is expected to remain robust at 5.7 percent. The slight slowdown is attributable to the exceptional growth in the energy sector in 2007, the likely slowdown in Europe, the expiry of EU quotas on Chinese exports of certain textile products, and a restrictive monetary policy. Strong growth momentum and major investment projects should limit the extent of this growth deceleration.

10. Inflationary pressures—particularly imported inflation—are likely to continue in 2008. However, cautious monetary policy—the BCT has already raised its required reserves ratio—and the BCT's intention to take further action if necessary, are expected to keep inflation down to 4 percent on average. This forecast also takes into account the probable increase in the price of administered products if world prices remain high.

11. The 2008 budget law envisages a cautious budget policy. The budget deficit is set at 3 percent of GDP—the same as the deficit observed in 2007—based on oil prices of US$75 per barrel. However, subsidies could overshoot their budgeted levels if international oil and commodity prices remain high with limited pass-through on to consumers.

12. In 2008, the current account may record a slight deterioration if oil and basic commodity prices remain in the vicinity of their recent record levels. Exports are projected to taper off, particularly on account of the global slowdown. Imports are likely to experience relatively strong growth due to persistently high oil and commodity prices and substantial demand for capital goods and raw materials. Consequently, the current account is forecast to deteriorate slightly to 2.7 percent of GDP in 2008. Nonetheless, external debt will continue to decline, reaching 52.9 percent of GDP in 2008.

13. The risks associated with the economic outlook for 2008 are primarily related to the international economic environment. The likely slowdown in growth in Europe and further increases in oil and commodity prices could hamper growth and accelerate inflation. There are also uncertainties surrounding the effect of the dismantling of EU quotas on Chinese exports of certain textile products, although order books for the first quarter of 2008 do not indicate a slowdown in exports of the textiles and clothing sector.

D. Economic Policy Issues

14. Given the liquidity overhang and the growing inflationary pressures, the mission supports the restrictive monetary policy pursued by the central bank. Faced with the excess liquidity and the inflationary pressures that reemerged during the second half of 2007, the BCT withdrew liquidity and ultimately raised the required reserves ratio. The authorities stand ready to further tighten monetary policy if necessary. Given the time lags involved in the adjustment of the economy to shifts in monetary policy, it is important to persevere in fine-tuning forecasting tools so as to better anticipate inflationary pressures and take timely action. Concerning the development of the money market, the interest rate applied to special savings accounts will no longer be capped, allowing the rate of remuneration on savings with banks to be market determined. The mission encouraged the authorities to eliminate also, in due time, the minimum rate and to de-index banks savings rates from the money market interest rate (TMM).

15. The exchange rate policy remains anchored to the medium-term objective of a floating exchange rate regime. With the growing openness of the Tunisian economy, exchange rate policy is becoming central to macroeconomic management. Coordination between monetary and exchange policies should therefore be enhanced. In particular, further exchange rate flexibility could contribute to price stability.

16. The mission supports Tunisia's cautious budget policy which has successfully maintained a 3 percent deficit despite a challenging international environment. Faced with mounting inflationary pressures, budget policy should target a deficit below 3 percent to support the restrictive monetary policy and enhance the flexibility of fiscal policy. While the mission lauds the energy saving strategy actively pursued by the authorities, it recommends considering alternative options, less costly than subsidies to the CGC, for protecting the purchasing power of low-income households. Concerning major investment projects, the authorities should ensure that such projects entail no new contingent liabilities that would add to the current stock of 8.9 percent of GDP in 2007.

17. Banking sector reforms are in progress. Strong economic growth accompanied by vigilant supervision should strengthen the financial position of banks. In this favorable environment, it is important to pursue efforts to reduce nonperforming loans. Banking sector reforms are continuing, with the recent privatization of Banque Tuniso-Koweitienne on favorable terms. Other banks may follow suit. However, the Tunisian banking sector remains fragmented and of limited size, and its consolidation would be beneficial given heightened competitive pressures. The quality of banking services, which was instituted as a legal obligation, has improved and the authorities are committed to bring it to international standards. Furthermore, banks prepare for the transition to Basel II by 2010, and several measures aimed at energizing the banking sector were recently adopted or will be adopted shortly. The requirement that banks transfer their end-of-day foreign exchange balances to the BCT (nivellement) has been abolished and banks are now authorized to manage 20 percent of residents' foreign exchange holdings not subject to surrender requirements, thereby promoting the interbank exchange market. In addition, there are plans to delegate to banks the authority to quote and execute transactions involving exchange rate and interest rate hedging instruments, as well as to lengthen the maturity of such instruments. Finally, listed credit institutions are no longer limited by a cap on their foreign borrowing.

18. Current account and capital account liberalization continued in 2007. Remaining ceilings on the allocation of foreign exchange for current account transactions have been raised, and the exchange authorization requirement for nonresident investments in Tunisia—apart from retail trade—has been abolished. The constraints affecting equity and investment flows between nonresident and resident individuals or firms will be eased. Proceeds from exports of professional services may be placed in a foreign exchange account subject to a ceiling. In addition, a foreign exchange amnesty was proclaimed in 2007. The mission encouraged the Tunisian authorities to pursue their efforts to achieve gradual liberalization in all sectors of the economy, including the services sector, which has a key role to play in improving the business climate and promoting private investment.

19. Trade liberalization—a major factor in opening up the Tunisian economy—is well under way. Total exports and imports of goods increased from 74 percent of GDP in 1995 to 98 percent of GDP in 2007, with a significant improvement in the import cover ratio which moved from 70 percent to 90 percent. FDI, in percent of GDP, virtually doubled during the same period. These trends reflect Tunisia's trade liberalization policy, particularly in the context of the Association Agreement with the EU that culminated in free trade in 2008, with zero tariffs on industrial products from the EU, down from an average of 19 percent in 1999. The tariff simplification program continues: the number of rates was reduced from 14 to 9 in two years and the maximum rate was reduced from 73 percent to 60 percent. The relaxation of customs formalities advances, with the average length of time spent by goods in customs declining from 11 days in 2005 to 7 days in 2007. Further simplification and reduction of multilateral customs tariffs are needed in order to prevent trade diversion and to enhance the geographical diversification of trade.

20. Tunisia is continuing to play an active role in Maghreb integration. It hosted the third regional conference on the Role of the Private Sector in Economic Development and Regional Integration in the Maghreb in November 2007. The action plan prepared during the conference aims at improving the business climate and promoting partnerships between private investors across the countries in the region. Concerning intra-Maghreb trade, Tunisia adopted in 2008 the mutual recognition of certificates of conformity to technical standards with Libya.

E. Other Issues

21. The mission welcomes the authorities' decision to publish this aide-mémoire, as usual.

22. It was agreed that the next Article IV mission would take place in early June 2008.



Table 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2002-08

Est. Proj.
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Production and income (percent change)

Nominal GDP
4.1 7.5 9.4 7.0 9.4 8.9 8.3
Real GDP
1.7 5.6 6.0 4.0 5.5 6.3 5.7
GDP deflator
2.3 1.9 3.2 2.9 3.7 2.4 2.5
Consumer price index (CPI), average
2.7 2.7 3.6 2.0 4.5 3.1 4.0
Gross national savings (in percent of GDP)
22.1 22.1 22.5 20.9 21.8 22.3 22.3
Gross investment (in percent of GDP)
25.7 25.0 24.5 22.0 23.9 24.8 25.0
External sector (percent change)

Exports of goods, f.o.b. (in $)
3.8 17.1 20.6 8.4 9.5 30.3 17.7
Imports of goods, f.o.b. (in $)
-1.9 14.7 17.6 2.9 12.4 27.1 17.8
Exports of goods, f.o.b. (volume)
1.9 7.2 15.2 1.6 6.3 20.3 10.6
Import of goods, f.o.b. (volume)
-2.4 3.4 7.3 -5.7 5.2 11.4 8.5
Trade balance (in percent of GDP)
-10.1 -9.1 -8.6 -6.8 -8.2 -8.2 -8.5
Current account, excluding grants (in percent of GDP)
-3.6 -2.9 -2.0 -1.1 -2.0 -2.5 -2.7
Foreign direct investment (percent of GDP)
3.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 10.4 3.0 3.4
Terms of trade (deterioration -)
1.3 -1.5 -4.5 -2.3 -3.6 -5.0 ...
Real effective exchange rate (depreciation -)
-0.2 -5.0 -3.4 -4.5 -0.8 -2.9 ...
Central government (percent of GDP, unless

otherwise indicated) 1/

Total revenue, excluding grants and privatization
24.4 23.7 23.8 23.6 23.8 24.0 23.5
Total expenditure and net lending
27.8 27.1 26.6 26.9 26.6 27.0 26.5
Central government balance, excluding grants and

privatization
-3.5 -3.4 -2.8 -3.2 -2.9 -3.0 -3.0
Central government balance, including grants,

excluding privatization
-3.1 -3.2 -2.6 -3.0 -2.8 -2.9 -2.8
Total government debt (foreign and domestic)
61.5 60.5 59.4 58.3 53.9 51.5 50.8
Foreign currency public debt (percent of total debt)
63.5 64.4 63.2 63.9 59.8 57.5 53.6

Money and credit (percent change)

Credit to the economy
6.7 4.6 5.3 6.3 6.6 7.9 ...
Broad money (M3) 2/
5.2 6.3 10.3 11.0 11.4 9.9 ...
Velocity of circulation (GDP/M3, deposit money banks)
1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 ...
Velocity of circulation (GDP/M3)
1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 ...
Interest rate (money market rate, in percent, e.o.p) 3/
5.91 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.26 5.26 ...
Official reserves

Gross official reserves (US$ billions, e.o.p)
2.3 3.0 4.0 4.4 6.8 7.8 8.7
In months of imports of goods and services, c.i.f.
2.7 3.0 3.5 3.7 5.0 4.6 4.4
Total external debt

External debt (US$ billions)
15.1 17.8 19.5 18.1 18.5 20.3 20.7
External debt (in percent of GDP)
67.5 66.8 66.5 65.4 58.3 55.6 52.9
Debt service ratio (percent of exports of GNFS)
17.3 15.4 16.4 14.8 18.8 13.3 9.3
Financial market indicators

Stock market index 4/
1,119 1,250 1,332 1,615 2,331 2,614 2,675
Memorandum items:

GDP at current prices (TD millions)
29,924 32,170 35,192 37,664 41,211 44,861 48,564
GDP at current prices (US$ billions)
22.4 26.6 29.3 27.6 31.8 36.6 39.2
GDP per capita (US$)
2,293 2,695 2,955 2,751 3,123 3,548 3,752
Unemployment rate (in percent)
14.9 14.3 13.9 14.2 14.3 14.1 14.0
Population (millions)
9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.3 10.4
Exchange rate: dinar/US$ (average)
1.42 1.29 1.25 1.30 1.33 1.30 ...

Sources: Tunisian authorities; and staff estimates and projections.
1/ Excludes the social security accounts.

2/ Financial system (Central Bank, universal banks, leasing companies, Postal Savings Center (CCP) and Postal Leasing Center (CEP)).

3/ The rate for 2007 is the average money market rate for December.

4/ TUNINDEX. (1000 = 4/1/1998). 2008 data from January 11, 2008.




[Read More:IMF]

Sunday, February 10, 2008

Le Figaro - Economie : Lagarde : «L'Europe sera aussi touchée» par la crise


Dans un entretien au Figaro à paraître demain, le ministre de l'Économie, des finances et de l'Emploi dresse le bilan du sommet du G7 de ce week-end.
Réunis à Tokyo, les ministres des Finances et les responsables des banques centrales du G7 ont reconnu, samedi, que la croissance risquait un ralentissement «à plus ou moins court terme». Le secrétaire d'État américain au Trésor veut néanmoins croire que son pays échappera à la récession cette année. Face à ces perspectives, les membres du G7 promettent de «prendre les actions appropriées, individuellement ou collectivement» sans rien entreprendre de concret pour le moment. Ils demandent aux banques de dévoiler «entièrement et rapidement leurs pertes».

Les pays du G7 apparaissaient divisés avant la réunion de Tokyo. Avez vous finalement rapproché vos points de vue ?
Nous avons une convergence de vue totale sur le diagnostic. Toutes les économies seront touchées, mais à des degrés divers. Les Etats-Unis seront clairement les plus atteints : le secrétaire d'état américain au Trésor a livré un diagnostic sombre de la conjoncture américaine, qui sera très impactée par l'affaissement du secteur immobilier. Si les Etats-Unis devraient éviter la récession, leur croissance sera toutefois très faible. L'Europe sera elle aussi touchée, quoi qu'un peu moins et de manière différente selon les pays. Le FMI estime ainsi que l'Italie sera la plus concernée, devant l'Allemagne et la France, qui se tiennent dans un mouchoir de poche, l'Angleterre arrivant derrière. Enfin, le Japon apparaît relativement plus protégé, du fait notamment d'une zone commerciale très dynamique : les pays émergents asiatiques n'ont visiblement aucune inquiétude sur leur propre situation.

Qu'avez vous décidé de faire pour relancer la croissance ?
Henry Paulson, le secrétaire d'état américain au Trésor nous a détaillé le plan de relance budgétaire qui vise à réinjecter un point de PIB dans l'économie. Les ménages devraient percevoir leur chèque courant du mois de mai, ce qui laisse bon espoir que la consommation reparte à partir de juin. Dans l'ensemble, nous sommes tombés d'accord sur le fait qu'il n'était pas nécessaire que nous adoptions tous un plan de relance aussi massif. Chacun doit réagir selon ses moyens et la situation propre à son économie. Mais le FMI, par la voix de son directeur général Dominique Strauss-Kahn a rappelé qu'il était souhaitable qu'un quart du PIB mondial environ puisse procéder, aux côtés des Etats-Unis, à une relance temporaire ou un soutien à l'activité sous des formes diverses. C'est un langage tout à fait nouveau de la part de cette institution qui mérite d'être écouté.

A combien chiffrez-vous le montant de la crise des subprime dans le monde et pour la France ?
Selon le FMI les pertes bancaires pourraient s'élever à 400 milliards de dollars (275 milliards d'euros) au total, réparties entre banques américaines, européennes et asiatiques. Les banques françaises ont récemment communiqué sur les provisions qu'elles passaient à leur bilan pour couvrir ces pertes. Je me félicite de cette transparence qui est la condition du rétablissement de la confiance.

Quelles solutions apportez-vous à la crise de confiance ?
A court terme, nous sommes tous tombés d'accord pour pousser les banques à provisionner et chiffrer leurs pertes le plus vite possible et à lancer les opérations de recapitalisation qui s'imposent. Nous allons surveiller également avec une grande attention la situation des réhausseurs de crédit aux Etats-Unis. A moyen terme, nous demandons au comité de Bâle d'accélérer ses travaux pour pousser les banques à rénover leurs ratios de liquidité comme elles ont révové les ratios de solvabilité qu'elles doivent respecter. Par ailleurs, nous demandons aux agences de notation de continuer à travailler sur la résolution de leurs conflits d'intérêt et sur l'amélioration de leurs grilles de notations, faute de quoi nous n'hésiterions pas à réguler le système.

Pensez vous que l'économie française pourra échapper à un choc d'une telle ampleur ?
Notre situation est très différente que celle des Etats-unis : notre marché de l'emploi continue à être dynamique, la consommation tient le choc et l'immobilier n'est pas concerné par l'affaissement Outre-Atlantique. Je n'ai pas suffisamment d'éléments susceptibles de m'amener à changer ma prévision actuelle. Je reste convaincue que nous serons autour de 2% de croissance sur l'ensemble de 2007 tout comme en 2008. Notre plan de relance s'appelle la loi «travail emploi pouvoir d'achat» votée en juillet dernier. Très critiquée à l'époque elle va se révéler particulièrement utile dans la situation présente : les américains vont recevoir des chèques du trésor, les français, eux vont voir leur feuille de paye augmenter.

Le climat se tend au sein de l'eurogroupe, où de nombreux pays membres réclament de la France qu'elle prenne plus de mesures pour parvenir à l'équilibre budgétaire dès 2010. Qu'allez vous leur répondre, lors de la réunion prévue aujourd'hui ?
L'eurogroupe se base sur les prévisions que le précédent gouvernement lui avait adressées en avril 2007. Leur réaction pourrait se comprendre, en théorie, mais en un an la situation a beaucoup évolué et s'est fortement tendue. Durcir le discours sans tenir compte de l'évolution de l'environnement me paraît manquer de réalisme. Je vais donc inviter nos partenaires à regarder toutes les réformes structurelles que nous avons déjà lancées, qu'ils appelaient d'ailleurs de leur vœux, et leur rappeler que tous les résultats ne se feront pas sentir en un an. Nous faisons tous les efforts possibles pour parvenir à l'équilibre en 2010 mais dans la situation actuelle il ne faut pas se raconter d'histoire, ce sera très difficile, indépendamment de notre volonté.

Que pensez vous des récentes déclarations de Jean-Claude Trichet en matière de taux d'intérêt ?
Je suis très satisfaite du changement de ton et de fond dans l'approche de la Banque centrale européenne. Le conseil des gouverneurs a décidé de se mettre dans une attitude souple et flexible, pour réagir, dans un sens ou dans l'autre à toute nouvelle évolution sur le fronts de la croissance ou de l'inflation. Avec pragmatisme et sans dogmatisme.



[Read More:Le Figaro]

Le Monde.fr : Subprimes : le G7 demande aux banques de dévoiler leurs pertes






Les ministres des finances et banquiers centraux des pays riches du G7 - qui rassemble les Etats-Unis, le Japon, l'Allemagne, la Grande-Bretagne, la France, l'Italie et le Canada - ont estimé, samedi 9 février, que leurs économies allaient toutes subir à court terme un ralentissement de leur croissance, selon un projet de communiqué final dont l'AFP a obtenu une copie. "Dans toutes nos économies, à différents degrés, la croissance devrait ralentir à plus ou moins court terme", ont-ils averti dans ce projet de communiqué, qui devait être adopté à l'issue de leur réunion à Tokyo.


Le marché immobilier résidentiel américain devrait notamment subir "une plus ample détérioration", craint le G7. Pour faire face à cette mauvaise conjoncture, les pays du G7 se disent prêts à "prendre les actions appropriées, individuellement ou collectivement, de façon à assurer la stabilité et la croissance de (leurs) économies" et celle des marchés financiers.


Ils ont appelé les banques à déclarer de quelle façon elles sont touchées par la crise des crédits immobiliers à risques américain "subprime", insistant sur "l'importance pour les institutions financières de dévoiler entièrement et rapidement leurs pertes", ainsi que la valorisation des créances à risques dont elles disposent encore, selon le projet de texte. Ces efforts de transparence doivent s'accompagner "de mesures pour renforcer leur base capitalistique si nécessaire", ont estimé les membres du G7.

Selon eux, de telles mesures joueront "un rôle important pour réduire les incertitudes, améliorer la confiance et rétablir le fonctionnement normal des marchés", en pleine tourmente depuis l'éclatement de la crise l'été dernier.


Les pays du G7 ont également exhorté les agences de notation financière à" empêcher les conflits d'intérêt potentiels". Les agences de notation sont chargées d'évaluer les capacités de remboursement des entreprises et des institutions publiques qui s'endettent. Ces notes servent à orienter les choix des investisseurs.

Les agences sont toutefois critiquées depuis l'éclatement de la crise du "subprime" l'été dernier en raison d'un conflit d'intérêt potentiel, puisqu'elles tirent aujourd'hui l'essentiel de leurs revenus des émetteurs de titres qu'elles sont chargées d'évaluer objectivement



[Read More:Le Monde.fr]

World Bank Report - Globalization Requires Education Reforms in Middle East and North Africa



" February 4, 2008—Countries in the Middle East and North Africa need to overhaul their education systems to meet the demands of an increasingly competitive world and realize the potential of their large and growing youth population.

That's one of the principal findings of a new World Bank report, The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa, a comprehensive economic analysis of the impact of education investments on the region, as well as demographic changes, globalization, labor migration, and the role of the labor market.

The report, released today in Amman, Jordan, points out that education reform alone will not drive economic growth. The region is home to large informal markets and generally lacks significant dynamic sectors that can compete internationally – characteristics that contrast sharply with East Asia and some economies in Latin America."...


The report emphasizes that policy-makers should use incentives, public accountability, curriculum, and labor market reforms to make the region’s economies more dynamic.

After 40 years of education investments that have closed the gender gap at the primary school level and resulted in nearly universal education, the region faces new challenges posed by globalization and the “increasing importance of knowledge in the development process,” says the report.

‘The Education Systems Must Be Changed to Deliver New Skills’

Today's world of intense global competition and rapid technological change demands problem-solving, communication and language skills not being emphasized in most schools of the region, argues the report.

“Since education is the main source of knowledge creation, the task is clear,” it says. “The education systems must be changed to deliver new skills and expertise necessary to excel in a more competitive environment.”

Countries in the region are not enjoying the same returns on education investment at the higher-education level as some fast-growing middle-income countries in Asia, such as Malaysia and the Republic of Korea, and “certainly not meeting aspirations,” says Michal Rutkowski, Sector Director for Human Development in the World Bank's Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.

“What we see in the region is that those who graduate from universities cannot find jobs. The unemployment rate is very high among them. Therefore the average return that you observe is also not high, and this is a serious problem,” says Rutkowski.

‘There Are No Proper Signals Sent to Higher Education Establishments’

He says the primary problem lies in a labor market dominated by the public sector in many countries, where university graduates will pass up opportunities in the private sector to wait two, three or four years for a public sector job offering lifetime employment and benefits above what the market offers.

“This is a major distortion for the labor market, but it also creates a situation in which there are no proper signals sent to higher education establishments in terms of which skills are in demand, and which skills are not in demand,” adds Rutkowski.

For that reason, the report also examines one of the most critical prior conditions to a well functioning education system—a well-functioning labor market—and recommends reforms in the area go hand-in-hand with educational reforms, notes Daniela Gressani, Vice President of the World Bank's Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, in the Foreword to the report.

Educational reforms are expected to be costly. The number of students seeking post-compulsory education is expected to increase considerably in the next decades. Countries will also have to transmit skills and competencies to a greater swathe of the population to remain competitive, says the report.

Up until now, MENA countries focused on building schools, recruiting and training teachers, and enrolling ever greater numbers of boys and girls in primary school. Special efforts were made to include girls, rural children, children of particular ethnic groups, and the disabled, says the report.

But the region still lags behind East Asia and Latin America in literacy and in average years of schooling among people 15 and older. While most boys and girls enroll in primary school, many drop out in the 5th, 6th, and 7th grades, particularly girls, to work or because of societal pressures, says Rutkowski.

Governments need to consider every investment as to how it will contribute to the education process, including how teachers are trained, and whether they're trained to do better at old-fashioned rote learning or in much needed inquiry-based learning, he adds.

‘Soft Skills’ Called Critical to Increasing Productivity

Students in the region need more inquiry-based learning and a new set of “soft skills”—problem solving, communications, foreign language—that are critical to further advancement.

“In order to become competitive, there has got to be a shift from the ability to perform routine tasks towards those soft skills which are absolutely essential for increasing productivity,” says Rutkowski. “This shift is in the process, but the countries really need to accelerate it in order to remain competitive.”

Incentives, such as rewards for good performance for both students and teachers, and public accountability will be essential tools in achieving educational goals, says the report. Education authorities need to acquire input from a number of actors, including non-governmental organizations, advocacy groups, watchdog organizations, parents, professional organizations and others. Public financing should be much more tied to outcomes, and to innovation, Rutkowski adds.

“It's very important that education becomes a sector characterized by public accountability,” he says. “That means that both at the national and local levels, it actually matters how the education system performs, that people know about it, and demand that education does better, and that parents have an influence on what's happening at school, local government has an influence over curricula, and when there is international testing the newspapers write about it so they know how students perform.”

The whole report is available on the WB website
[Source:World Bank]

Saturday, February 9, 2008

Maroc Blog Awards 2008 : la première compétition dédiée aux blogs marocains !

"We are around 40.000 bloggers." as indicated by Lalla Mira’s Multilingual Blog
Wao

G-7 Communique

These are the calls by the G-7 on the IMF:

"
- We ask the IMF and the FSF to report at our next meeting on identifying potential vulnerabilities and enhancing early warning capabilities.

- We asked the IMF to conduct further research on the real and financial factors behind the recent surge in oil prices, and its effects on the global economy.

- We look forward to the outcome of the work under way at the IMF to identify best practices for sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in such areas as institutional structure, risk management, transparency and accountability.

- We discussed IMF reforms. We reaffirm our support for the recent IMF surveillance decision on exchange rate, financial sector, fiscal and monetary policy, and urge its rigorous and even-handed implementation. We support the recent proposal by the Managing Director to re-focus the IMF's operations on core priorities and to cut spending by US$100 million over three years. To fill the remaining gap, we are prepared to take measures to augment income, considering proposals in the Crockett report. We emphasised the importance of better aligning quota share of member countries with their relative position in the world economy based on a simpler and more transparent formula. We reaffirmed our commitment to concluding the quota and voice reform by the Spring IMFC meeting. A successful conclusion is a critical step in enhancing legitimacy and effectiveness of the IMF.

- We encourage the IMF and World Bank to continue their important work in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing."

This is the full text of the Communique:







We, Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 countries, met today to discuss issues facing the world economy.

The world confronts a more challenging and uncertain environment than when we met in last October, though its fundamentals as a whole remain solid. In the United States, output and employment growth have slowed considerably and risks have become more skewed to the downside, but long-term fundamentals remain sound and we expect growth to continue in 2008. In all our economies, to varying degrees, growth is expected to slow somewhat in the short-term, reflecting wider global economic and financial developments. Emerging market economies (EMEs) are forecast to continue robust, if slower, growth. We note that downside risks still persist, which include further deterioration of the U.S. residential housing markets; tighter credit conditions from prolonged difficulties in the financial markets; high oil and commodity prices; and heightened inflation expectations in some countries. Each of us has taken actions, appropriate to our domestic circumstances, in the areas of liquidity provision, monetary policy, and fiscal policy. We also remain committed to strengthening our efforts to enhance growth through necessary reforms. Going forward, we will continue to watch developments closely and will continue to take appropriate actions, individually and collectively, in order to secure stability and growth in our economies.

We are deeply engaged in working together to strengthen financial stability, limit the impact of the financial turmoil and address the factors that contributed to it. Co-ordinated liquidity provision by Central Banks has helped mitigate short-term pressures in the money markets. Financial institutions' recognition and full and prompt disclosure of their losses, based on appropriate valuation, accompanied, where necessary, by measures to reinforce their capital base, play an important role in reducing uncertainty, improving confidence, and restoring the normal functioning of the markets. We urge this process to continue. Authorities should encourage market-led improvements in transparency and disclosure practices in this area, and, where needed, provide clear and consistent guidance.

In October, we asked the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) to analyse the underlying causes of the recent turbulence and put forward relevant actions and initiatives in a number of areas. We welcome its interim report and the good progress that has been made, and look forward to its final report in April. We will act expeditiously on its recommendations. Among the issues that have to be addressed, we emphasise, in particular, i) the importance of promoting prompt and full disclosure by financial institutions of their losses and of valuation of structured products; ii) strengthening management of liquidity risks at financial institutions by accelerating the development of an internationally consistent approach by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision; iii) improving the understanding and disclosure of banks' and other financial institutions' exposure to off-balance sheet vehicles; iv) enhancing underpinnings of the originate-to-distribute model by ensuring an appropriate incentive structure comes into play; v) addressing potential conflicts of interest at credit rating agencies, and improving the information content of ratings to increase investors' awareness of the risks associated with structured products; and vi) implementing the Basel II capital adequacy framework to enhance transparency and risk management. In addition, authorities should review, as necessary, their mandates, coordination mechanisms, and instruments to ensure measured and flexible responses to market stress, including arrangements for dealing with weak and failing financial institutions, both domestically and cross-border. We ask the IMF and the FSF to report at our next meeting on identifying potential vulnerabilities and enhancing early warning capabilities.

We stand ready to take any further action necessary to enhance stability in the financial market and to ensure that international integration of financial markets and financial innovation continue to bring about benefits to the world economy.

We reaffirm that exchange rates should reflect economic fundamentals. Excess volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates are undesirable for economic growth. We continue to monitor exchange markets closely, and cooperate as appropriate. We welcome China's decision to increase the flexibility of its currency, but in view of its rising current account surplus and domestic inflation, we encourage accelerated appreciation of its effective exchange rate.

Elevated oil prices largely reflect rising world demand, but other elements such as geopolitical concerns also play the role. We encourage OPEC and other oil-producing countries to raise production, and reiterate the need to enhance refinery capacity and improve energy efficiency. It should be avoided to artificially lower domestic energy prices through fiscal measures, as it works against market-based adjustment of energy demand, and raises gas emissions. We asked the IMF to conduct further research on the real and financial factors behind the recent surge in oil prices, and its effects on the global economy.

Upholding open trade and investment regimes is critical to realising global prosperity and fighting protectionism. We highlight the urgent need for a successful conclusion of the Doha Development Round that will substantially lower tariffs and other barriers to trade, including in the financial and other services sectors. We look forward to the outcome of the work under way at the IMF to identify best practices for sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in such areas as institutional structure, risk management, transparency and accountability. We also encourage the OECD to build on its important work by identifying investment policy best practices for countries that receive cross-border investment from SWFs. We welcome the work by private sector representatives to develop strengthened voluntary best practices for Highly Leveraged Institutions in line with the FSF recommendations. We will continue to explore the issue of mutual recognition of comparable securities regimes, and how this can enhance international investment flows.

We discussed IMF reforms. We reaffirm our support for the recent IMF surveillance decision on exchange rate, financial sector, fiscal and monetary policy, and urge its rigorous and even-handed implementation. We support the recent proposal by the Managing Director to re-focus the IMF's operations on core priorities and to cut spending by US100 million over three years. To fill the remaining gap, we are prepared to take measures to augment income, considering proposals in the Crockett report. We emphasised the importance of better aligning quota share of member countries with their relative position in the world economy based on a simpler and more transparent formula. We reaffirmed our commitment to concluding the quota and voice reform by the Spring IMFC meeting. A successful conclusion is a critical step in enhancing legitimacy and effectiveness of the IMF.

We discussed the importance of the unified action to address global climate change while supporting growth and economic development, based on the Bali Action Plan of December 2007. We will seek to enhance the critical roles played by international financial institutions and the private sector in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Market based policies, which could include taxes and emission trading, will become increasingly important in combating climate change. They should be designed to meet specific conditions in each country. We also acknowledged the need to scale up investment in developing countries to support them in joining international efforts to address climate change. The deployment of clean technologies would be further enhanced through the reduction or elimination of trade barriers for key environmental goods and services. We also discussed the initiative by Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States to create, in collaboration with the World Bank and others, a strategic multilateral investment framework to address climate change. This would include, among other things, a fund that complements existing bilateral and multilateral efforts in providing financial support for the deployment of clean technologies in developing countries.

We welcome the recent robust growth experienced by many African economies and are committed to working together with African countries to maintain and strengthen this favorable momentum. We reiterated the need to foster private-sector led growth in developing countries in order to achieve the MDGs. To that end, we agreed that it is important to continue supporting African countries in improving investment climate, fostering private enterprises, strengthening financial systems, and building reliable infrastructure.

We reaffirmed that enhanced actions to ensure debt sustainability should be carried forward. We reviewed actions to tackle aggressive litigation against Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs). We support improvements to the World Bank's Debt Reduction Facility, including through the earlier provisions of technical assistance. We took note of proposals for establishing a legal support facility for HIPCs. We welcome the agreement reached by the OECD Export Credit Group on the Principles and Guidelines on sustainable lending to low-income countries and the interest shown by non-OECD members in this agreement. Building on our existing commitment on development and debt relief, we welcome agreement on the financing of debt relief for Liberia.

We encourage the IMF and World Bank to continue their important work in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. We look forward to meeting with other FATF Ministers in April to renew the mandate of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to address threats posed by weapons of mass destruction proliferation finance, enhance its surveillance of global threats, and deepen its dialogue with the private sector. We call upon FATF to continue to take measures to protect the international financial system from the risk of illicit finance including ensuring enhanced scrutiny of transactions involving Iran.



[Source:G8]

Sovereign wealth funds resist IMF attempt to draft code of conduct


WASHINGTON: Last year, as governments in Asia and the Middle East started to buy major stakes in financial institutions in the West, the U.S. government called for an international code of conduct by sovereign wealth funds, hoping the funds would commit to disclosing more of their activities and not play politics with their investments.

Now the push-back has begun.

Officials involved in the drafting of a code, which the International Monetary Fund is overseeing, say that the leaders of these funds are resisting the pressure to embrace even a voluntary set of "best practices" that disavows politics, arguing that it is unnecessary because their investments are already strictly commercial in nature.

In addition, according to various officials, new tensions are surfacing as the leaders of funds in China, Russia, the Middle East and other parts of Asia charge that it is hypocritical of the West to demand regulations when the failure to regulate European and American banks and hedge funds has led to a global economic crisis.

"These funds do not think of themselves as political, and so far they haven't been," said an International Monetary Fund official involved in the drafting of the code who would not speak on the record because he is not authorized to do so. "What we're hearing from them is, 'What are you so upset about?' But the concerns are there, and they need to be taken care of in a code of best practices."

The International Monetary Fund, an institution established after World War II to deal with global financial crises, began drafting a code after consulting with funds from more than a dozen countries.

The funds are controlled by large oil and natural gas producers - including Russia, Norway and countries in the Gulf - as well the exporting superpowers in Asia, particularly China. Experts say the funds control more than $2.5 trillion in investments, a figure that could grow to more than $15 trillion in 10 years.

As several of these funds move to acquire assets in Europe and the United States, concerns have grown about a potential backlash. But the rescues of Citigroup, Merrill Lynch and other big American financial institutions hit by the subprime mortgage crisis has been warmly welcomed by U.S. officials.

In part to ward off a protectionist backlash, the administration of President George W. Bush last October joined with Europe and Japan in seeking a list of "best practices" to which sovereign wealth funds would voluntarily subscribe. They would also include governance structures run by nonpolitical experts and more disclosure of portfolio activities.

Administration officials say they hope the IMF can get a set of "best practices" adopted by autumn.

"I think we've made progress with sovereign wealth funds in convincing them of the need for this effort," said David McCormick, under secretary of the Treasury for international affairs. One reason for his optimism, he said, is that the funds' track record had so far been good and that there was "no evidence of them making investments for anything but economic reasons."

Nevertheless, there is a fear among many experts that without a code, the funds' financial clout could lead them to try to exercise political leverage.

A major advocate of regulation, or at least a voluntary code of conduct, is Lawrence Summers, the former Treasury secretary and former president of Harvard, who two years ago stirred up a furor when he suggested that big exporters sitting on trillions in dollar-denominated reserves move toward diversifying their portfolios.

In an interview, Summers said that in some cases, the funds were "not wrong" to be concerned about Western xenophobia over foreign investments, but that the solution was to agree to more transparency and to disavow politics in their activities.

"I'm inclined to think that if the funds don't agree to some effort to regulate, they're asking for a lot more xenophobia," he said. He added that what he had in mind was a "relatively modest" set of standards. "The general drift should be, we're going to function like regular investors, and not seek to pursue any objective other than value added maximization," he said.

Various public instances of irritation by leaders of sovereign funds have surfaced in recent weeks.

Lou Jiwei, head of China's $200 billion fund, said last week that the IMF's failure so far to get a consensus on the problem was not a cause for concern.

"It seems there wasn't any agreement on that, because nobody wants to accept the fact that anybody's better than themselves," Lou said in Washington in a talk at the World Bank. He added that the discussion was "useful" however, and that "eventually we may reach some common ground."

But another official involved in the discussion said that the more likely outcome would be an agreement on vague generalities - "something that is effectively toothless and devoid of anything other than motherhood and apple pie."

Europe is especially fearful that Russia is investing to gain a foothold in Europe's transportation and energy infrastructure in order to exercise political influence.

The sovereign wealth representatives say this is a red herring, that they invest passively, in portfolios, or in small percentages in companies so that they do not try to control their policies.

Summers says that with these funds due to wield trillions of dollars in investments in the next decade, there could be no stopping them from playing politics - of trying to assert political pressure on a government to rescue a bank they have invested in, for example, or if a government fund started a "speculative attack" on another country's currency, as the investor George Soros did on the British pound in the early 1990s.




[Source:International Herald Tribune]

G7 approves IMF gold sales


By Gavin Jones

TOKYO (Reuters) - The Group of Seven rich nations on Saturday approved the sale of gold by the International Monetary Fund from April as part of a broad reform of its budget, Italian Economy Minister Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa said.

"There was an acceptance among the G7 that resources should be raised by selling gold," Padoa-Schioppa, who is also the head of the IMF's steering committee (IMFC), told reporters after a meeting of G7 finance ministers in Tokyo.

He said the agreement would be finalised in April and would complement spending cuts being drawn up by the IMF under its new managing director, Dominique Strauss-Kahn.

"The current gold price means a flow of income can be ensured," Padoa-Schioppa said.

Morgan Stanley analyst Stephen Jen said the Fund held 103.4 million ounces of gold worth some $92 billion at current market prices. That was up from $23 billion just five years ago.

"The IMF is rich, if it wants to be," he wrote in a recent note to clients, issued before the G7's approval of the gold sales. "This is arguably a good time to consider selling some of these gold holdings and investing the proceeds in financial securities with positive yields."

A surge in oil prices has boosted gold's appeal as a hedge against inflation.

The precious metal gained more than 30 percent in 2007 as safe-haven buying increased due to the credit market turmoil and worries about the health of the dollar as it fell to record lows against the euro.

Gold continued its upward march this year. Cash gold hit a record high of $936.50 an ounce on Feb. 1, up about 12 percent since the start of the year, and was quoted at $918.00/918.70 an ounce in late New York on Friday.

Padoa-Schioppa noted that in the case of the United States, approval for gold sales would be required by Congress, meaning "the administration must present a proposal and support it".

Padoa-Schioppa said he would step down as president of the IMFC because of the recent fall of the Italian government which meant he would soon lose his job as economy minister.

Asked if he would continue as IMFC head, he said: "I don't believe so, it has to be a minister in office, and soon I will no longer be a minister in office."




[Read More:Reuters]

The 53 Places to Go in 2008 - New York Times


Tunisia is among the 53 places to visit selected by the NY Times.
Out of the 53, I visited:


  1. Lisbon
  2. Prague
  3. Munich
  4. Iran
  5. Toscany
  6. Mozambique
  7. San Francisco
  8. Kilimanjaro
  9. Algeria
  10. San Diego
  11. London
  12. Las Vegas
  13. New York


    Tunisia is undergoing a Morocco-like luxury makeover. A new wave of stylish boutique hotels, often in historic town houses, has cropped up alongside this North African country’s white-sand beaches and age-old medinas, drawing increasing numbers of well-heeled travelers. The Villa Didon in Carthage, for one, has a restaurant originally run by Alain Ducasse. Indeed, TripAdvisor ranks Jerba, a resort island off Tunisia’s southern coast, as the No. 1 emerging spot in 2008.


    [Source:The New York Times]